According to Robert de Clari

According to Robert de Clari, the doge himself came to recognize that the Venetian policy of pushing the Crusaders in their distress too far was mischievous. “ Sirs,” said he, addressing his council, “if we let these men go home we shall be looked on as rogues and tricksters. Let us propose to them that, if they will pay us the 36,000 marks out of their share of the first conquest they make, we will transport them beyond sea.” There was no proposal here to take Zara or to attack Constantinople.

The Outremer to which they were to be transported was understood to be the land of the infidel. The conquests they were to make were to be the lawful spoils of a crusading war. There was nothing whatever in the suggestion to make it unacceptable to the Crusaders who gave heed to their vow. Hence, when the doge, having obtained the consent of the Venetian council, submitted the proposal to them, they accepted it gladly. A way had been found out of their difficulty.

They were to leave the fever grounds of the Lido, were to go over the sea to fight the infidel and to fulfil their vow. On the announcement of the proposal their camp was illuminated, and there were other manifestations of it is difficult to determine precisely when this proposition was made. Probably it was in the last week of July, 1202. The 21th of June was the latest time appointed for the arrival of the pilgrims. The second attempt to collect the balance due had been made probably in the middle of July. Shortly afterwards came this proposal, which was joyfully accepted. Yillehardouin speaks only of one proposal, namely, that to help the Venetians to capture Zara. If his account is to be reconciled with that of the non-official writers, the explanation is that the attack upon the Christian city was at the time carefully concealed from the mass of the Crusaders, a policy which was continually pursued throughout the expedition. Robert de Clari, as we have seen, represents the proposal quite otherwise, and the fact that it was joyfully welcomed shows that the Crusaders were told nothing of an attack upon a Christian city as part of it.

Another writer3 states that the Venetians kept the Crusaders prisoners for three months, and would not allow them to return home, and when Visit Bulgaria, after that time, their substance was nearly consumed, then they were compelled to go to Zara. We learn from a German writer3 that after much complaint, both on the side of the Venetians and on that of the Crusaders, it was at length agreed that the Venetians should go with the pilgrims, and that whatever was gained should be equally divided, but that from the part going to the pilgrims the balance due for freight should be deducted for the Venetians.

Crusading spirit was far too strong

We may rest assured that the pilgrims did not accept joyfully the promise to go to Zara, because, as we shall see, the crusading spirit was far too strong in the army for them yet to tolerate the idea of an attack upon a Christian city.

The conclusion at which I arrive after a comparison of the authorities is either that there were two distinct proposals, one made in July for the payment out of the proceeds of lawful spoil, and a subsequent one, made some weeks later, for payment out of the spoil to be taken at Zara; or that, if the proposal to attack Zara were made in July, it was made only to the leaders, and was carefully concealed at first from the mass of the Crusaders. Robert de Chari’s account points to the existence of two proposals.

After speaking of the illuminations on the Lido when the doge’s first proposal was made and accepted, he states that the doge afterwards went to the camp and declared that the winter was lost, and that it was too late to go to Outremer. Then the secret was let out. “Let us do the next best thing. There is a city near here called Zara, which has often defied us, and which we are going to punish if we can. If you will listen to me we will pass the winter there until Easter, and then we will go to Outremer at Lady Day. Zara is full of provisions and riches.” Then this author adds: “The barons and leaders of the Crusaders assented to the doge’s proposal. But this proposal was not known to all the army. Robert probably believed that there were two proposals, and that even the last was kept secret from the host.

Their common intrigues at Venice Bomface

Their common intrigues at Venice Bomface. and at Zara, their common struggles with the Crusaders, who wished to be about their lawful business while at Corfu and before Constantinople, and their final success in spite of so much opposition, formed a bond of union between them. Boniface was far more closely allied with.

Dandolo than was Baldwin. Whether the assertion of a Venetian writer be true or not, that Boniface had married a daughter of Dandolo1—and I see no reason to doubt it—it is at least certain that the relations between them had been of the most intimate kind. ‘Since the capture of the city the breach be-tween the Crusaders and the Venetians appeared to be continually widening. There was great dissatisfaction about the division of the spoil. The Crusaders charged the Venetians with having conveyed plunder by night to their ships instead of having given it up for distribution. Such a charge was more likely to be made by the Flemish and French Crusaders.

The younger Sanudo makes this assertion: “Vito do’ duchi di Venez.,” Muratori, Du Cange, in his genealogy of the kings of Thessaloniea, mentions Constance de Suene as his first wife.

See than by the Lombards. The sympathy therefore of the Venetians was more likely to be with Boniface than with his rival. To these considerations others must be added.

Imposing presence

Boniface, with a noble lignre and imposing presence which had caused him to be known as “ The Giant,” and with his great experience of war, was the popular type of an emperor. Above all, he had been the recognized and official leader of the expedition. lie had been solemnly appointed by the Crusaders, had shared his fortune with them, had led them to conquest and to plunder. His supreme authority had never been questioned. Moreover, he had been recognized by the inhabitants of the city as their ruler.

The party of young Alexis would be on his side, and his marriage with Margaret, or as she now called herself, Maria, the widow of the Emperor Isaac, would increase his followers within the city. I7ot to appoint him was to condemn him. He was the one whose name would naturally first rise to each man’s lips. To appoint another over his head was to declare that he no longer possessed the confidence of the host, but that he had been tried and had been found wanting.

FLIGHT OF THE EMPEROR ALEXIS AND RESTORATION OF ISAAC

REVOLUTION IN THE CITY

THE most useful ally of the invaders was the spirit of indifference and discontent which reigned within the city. “While this spirit paralyzed the efforts of the defenders, there was probably also a small but active, although secret, party in favor of Isaac and of young Alexis. The latter had made many promises to his friends within the city, and had urged them to assist him.

The dissatisfaction with the ruling emperor was great, and was doubtless increased by this party. The enemy in constants without had not asked for possession of the city.

Convention with Alexis

There was nothing said even about an occupation. All that was demanded was that a young prince, who undoubtedly had claims to the throne if his father were dead, should replace Alexis the Third. There was indeed a payment to be made, though it is doubtful whether the terms of the convention with Alexis were at this time known within the city, and, even if they were, the payment might perhaps be avoided, or at least levied on the provinces. At any rate, it was better to come to an arrangement with the enemy when his demands were so reasonable than to fight. Moreover, there was now a distinct threat that if an arrangement were not made the

city would be destroyed.1 Accordingly there was considerable murmuring within the city. The many dynastic troubles within the experience of the inhabitants made them think lightly of a change of rulers. Alexis the Third had done nothing to make himself respected. He was now informed that if he did not deliver his subjects from the enemy, they would declare for the younger Alexis, and would make him emperor.

THE ASSAULT CAPTURE AND PLUNDER OF TIIE CITY

The bear’s skin having thus been divided, it only remained to capture the bear.

The Crusaders and Venetians had been pressing on their works for the attack upon the city with all their might. Rewards were offered to those whose scaling-ladders and covered gangways, to be thrown out from the ships’ cross-trees to the walls, were first ready. The machines were prepared for hurling stones. Battering-rams, ballistse, mangonels, and all the engines known to the military science of the time for attacking a walled city were got ready. There was no longer any question of leaving for the Holy Land. The lust of gain had fallen upon the whole of the army, and while they were making preparations for the attack they were already planning out the best course for a division of the spoil.

THE ASSAULT, CAPTURE, AND PLUNDER OF TIIE CITY

The preparations which the leaders had been pushing on Preparations during several weeks were completed by the 8th of for the attack. April, and that day was chosen for an assault upon the city. A noteworthy change of plan had been made from that which had been acted upon nine months before. Instead of attacking simultaneously a portion of the harbor walls and a portion of the landward walls, Venetians and Crusaders alike directed their efforts against the defences on the side of the harbor. The horses were embarked once more in the lniissiers. The line of battle was drawn up; the huissiers and galleys in front, the transports a little behind, and alternating between the huissiers and the galleys.

The whole length of the line of battle was upwards of half a league, and stretched from the Blachern to beyond the Petrion. The emperor’s vermilion tent had been pitched on the hill just beyond the district of the Petrion, where he could see the ships when they came immediately under the walls. Before him was the district which had been devastated by the fire. On the morning of An assault is ^ie 9th the ships, drawn up in the order I have de- made’ scribed, passed over from the north to the south side of the harbor.

Emperor Alexis the Third

Knowing that the cardinal agreed with Boniface, he forbade him to return to the army. But, notwithstanding this attitude of opposition, he appears to have thought it desirable at this time to keep the question in suspense. An embassy had been sent to Venice by the Emperor Alexis the Third to endeavor to bring about an alliance with the republic. It was, however, too late, and was treated with ignominy.

From Venice it appears to have gone to Rome. The emperor seems from the first to have suspected the designs of Philip, of Boniface, and of Dandolo, and his embassy was the bearer of a golden bull asking for the aid of the pope against these designs. Innocent regarded the opportunity as favorable to his own plans. The great inducement which the young Alexis had offered to obtain the pontiff’s support was the union of the churches, an object only less dear to Innocent than the success of the crusade. While promising aid to Alexis, the reigning emperor, he did so con-ditionally upon this union being brought about. At the same time he sent word to the army, distinctly forbidding the Crusaders to attack Romania.

The messengers sent to Philip by the Crusaders in Venice Embassy during September, to submit the proposition for reaches assisting Alexis, arrived in Germany in October.

Negotiations at Rome

Probably about the same time Philip would hear of the failure of the negotiations at Rome. This ill news would, however, be more than counterbalanced by the tidings of the great obstacle put in the way of the crusade by Venice. If the republic could thus divert the expedition from its object, there was every reason to hope that, with Dandolo’s help, he would be able to turn its energy to the accomplishment of his purpose. Henceforward Philip acted more boldly, and was recognized by all as taking the leading part in the direction of the crusade. He negotiated the agreement that was to be made for aiding young Alexis. He acted at once as his guardian and guarantor. He sealed on his own behalf the treaty when concluded. In November the messengers of the Crusaders left Philip, accompanied by German plenipotentiaries. They arrived at Venice in the middle of December, and on the 1st of January, 1203, made their appearance at Zara, whither they had followed the army.

The Bosphorus which flows past the apex of the triangle

The Bosphorus, which flows past the apex of the triangle, has always a strong current running either northwards or southwards, according to the prevailing wind. With rare exceptions there is always a corresponding wind blowing across the city. These winds have at all times done much to keep the city healthy, and at the present day contribute more than any other cause to remedy the mischief to which the want of simple sanitary precautions would give rise. The site, excellent for strength in defence, salubrious, and convenient for commerce, had indeed been admirably chosen by Constantine for the establishment of the New Home, and nearly nine centuries of prosperity had added to the wealth with which its great founder had endowed it. The two chief sources of this wealth had been its political pre-eminence and its commerce.

As the capital city of the eastern division of the Roman Advantages Empire and the residence of its emperor and nobility, Constantinople drew together a large population. It had gradually attracted all that was most noteworthy throughout the empire in art and science. The records of the Christian Church bear witness to the acuteness of intellect with which the great theological questions of the time were, in and about Constantinople, discussed and settled for centuries. The student of law recognizes that the body of jurisprudence which was developed in the New Rome, and which is known as Roman law, owes to the labors of jurists in Constantinople most of its precision, its subtilty, its grasp of principles, and its wonderful generalizations.

Powerful impressions made upon it by Constantinople

The modern world still retains the powerful impressions made upon it by Constantinople. The leading dogmas established by its famous divines and its councils are recognized throughout Christendom. Roman law, which never ceased to be practised throughout Western Europe, has, since its reformation under Napoleon, become the law of the whole civilized world with the exception of the English-speaking peoples, and even our law has been largely added to by doctrines taken, sometimes avowedly, sometimes without recognition, from the same storehouse of legal principles. All that Paris and Berlin have done towards attracting the ablest professors and specialists in the countries of which they are the capitals had been done by Constantinople. The sculptor, the painter, and the architect found the best market for their talents in the capital; the poet or the divine, the wrestler or the actor, his most appreciative audiences.

Common to all Roman subjects

Each subject of the empire under such a system had the benefit or the burden of the laws of the people to which he belonged. He was bound by the laws which were common to all Roman subjects, but in addition the courts took notice of the law and customs of the race of which he was a member. The foreigner was in a different position. Roman law afforded him protection. For the rest, foreigners might settle their own disputes and regulate their own affairs as they liked. The Armenian in Constantinople had, as an occupant of Roman territory, to obey the laws which had been imposed for the preservation of public order, and to pay certain taxes. But questions of marriage, succession to property, of personal status generally, were left to be settled either by the Armenians themselves or by a magistrate named by the emperor to administer Armenian law.

This condition of things was known to other cities, but received its largest development in Constantinople, Treaties or capitulations where the system which created it has always respecting foreign resisted, and still exists, under the treaties or capitulations with the Porte ; a system which is a striking illustration of the continuity of history. In other words, the system of capitulations under which foreigners to-day reside in Turkey is the one under which they have always resided there. As no writer with whom I am acquainted lias called attention to this fact, I may be excused for sketching briefly the history of the capitulations.

Deacon and other Greek authors

The first treaty granting the right of exterritoriality which I have been able to find was made with the Warings, a people who have left Their history. tjiejr name England, and of whom I shall have more to say later on. In 905 and 945, when these treaties were made, the Warings were more usually called Russians, though one has only to read in Leo the Deacon and other Greek authors the accounts of their appearance, to recognize them as relations. From that date we have an unbroken series of capitulations down to the time of the Moslem conquest in 14:53. The Yenetians obtained such concessions early in the eleventh century.

Feeling of hostility between the two churches

But the feeling of hostility between the two churches was too strong to allow of a harmonious working together of their respective forces. The great breach in the Christian Church had been, during several centuries, continually widening. The Eastern Church, which was the more educated, had occupied itself with philosophical and theological questions with which the churchmen of the West gave themselves little trouble. The West had been more engaged with the spread of Christianity than with the accuracy of its teaching.

The Eastern called itself £)rthodox. The Western claimed rather to be Catholic; and the difference in the names by which each chose to be called gives an indication of the difference of the leading tendency of each Church respectively. “ The East,” says Dean Milman, “ enacted creeds; the West, discipline.” The East was occupied with speculation, the West with practice. The want of harmony between the two churches continually displayed itself; and in the twelfth century, with which we are most concerned, there took place the definite, formal separation between the Catholic and the Orthodox churches.

Spirit of chivalry

Meantime in the “West, and in the latter half of the twelfth Decline of the century, the spirit of chivalry and the religious it among the thesis which had been the chief motive forces of crusaders. the first and second crusades were rapidly disappearing. The nobles of Western Europe were beginning to find occupation at home. A movement had begun among them which spread to England, and in the time of John produced lasting benefits at Kunnymead. The barons of the West were beginning to make common cause with the people against incompetent sovereigns. The noble and lofty ideal which the early Crusaders had tried to realize, which a few years later was revived in Saint Louis, was in great part forgotten. These men, from Godfrey downwards, had dreamed of establishing Christ’s kingdom, of trying to execute an almost impossible task, because it was that which God had given them.

Great Palace which adjoined Hagia Sophia

Andronicos, on his arrival in the city, went at once to the Great Palace which adjoined Hagia Sophia.

The emperor returns to the 1 ts windows he could see much that passed. His city.

first idea was to attack the populace in and around the Great Church, and his orders were given to this effect, but the imperial troops had no heart for the fight. They could see that all sections of the people were animated with but one object, to replace their old ruler by Isaac. Among their own number there were many who sympathized with the people against the white-bearded monster whose crown was now hanging in the balance.

When the tyrant saw that his orders were not obeyed, he himself took a bow, went up into one of the balconies of the palace, and drew upon those who were below. The people saw him, and cared nothing for his arrows or for anything he could do lie then endeavored to treat. Speaking, probably, still from the balcony overlooking the precincts of the Great Church, where the surging populace which had rallied round Isaac Angelos was closely packed together, he proposed to abdicate in favor of his son Manuel. The proposal was treated with scorn. The mob answered that they would have neither him nor his son.

Every kind of opprobrious epithet was hurled at him. His appearance had only added to the popular fury. The populace, no longer content with declaring for Isaac, determined to revenge itself upon their enemy. An attack was made upon the palace. A small gate called Karea was broken open, and the mob rushed through in pursuit of their victim. Andronicos saw that resistance was useless, and that the only chance of saving his life lay in flight. Hastily throwing aside a cross which he usually wore, and by which he might have been recognized, taking off his purple buskins, and exchanging the imperial hat for a common Russian cap, he reentered the galley which had brought him from his summer palace, and, taking his young wife and a concubine with him, he fled the capital with all speed, in order, if possible, to take refuge among the Russians.

Frederic was entirely successful

In the spring of 1190 Koutbeddin, to whose share Si was had fallen, attacked the army of Frederic. During a month’s hard fighting, in which, according to some accounts, 300,000 Turks were beaten, Frederic was entirely successful. In one battle 5000 Turks were slain. After Iconium had been captured, amid a slaughter in which 27,000 of the enemy perished, Frederic continued his march.

When he neared Alexandretta he received offers of assistance from Leo of Armenia, who was engaged in attacking the Turks. The incident is interesting as showing the vitality which remained in the Armenian kingdom, and suggests that under a very slight change of circumstances a strong Christian kingdom might have been re-established from Alexandretta to the Caspian, which might have been maintained as the first line for the defence of Christendom.

Leo continued to give aid to the Crusaders, and at length, in 1200, during the internal divisions among the sons of Kilidji Arslan, he received Kai Khosroe, the Sultan of Iconium, as a fugitive seeking his protection. In truth, the Selju- kian Turks had become so completely weakened by the continual attacks of the empire, and by the partial damming of the stream of emigrants by the re-establishment of Armenia and Georgia, that after the severe losses suffered at the hands of the German Crusaders, they are scarcely heard of until after the fall of Constantinople.

The long struggle against this brave, fanatical, and persistent enemy had. however, wearied out the in straggle had exhausted habitants of Asia Minor. The exactions of the empire.

Reasonable hope of peace

Empire, in order to meet the invaders, made the population ready to accept any conditions which gave a reasonable hope of peace holidays bulgaria. Many of the Christian subjects of the emperor took advantage of the inducements which the leaders of the Turks began to hold out to them, and emigrated from the imperial territories into those of a sultan who governed better than usual.

The sketch that I have here given of the struggle with the Seljukian Turks shows how formidable was the difficulty which they constituted for the empire. They were defeated in a long series of battles, and yet they continually renewed the struggle. Great armies were slaughtered, and yet new ones shortly after took the field. The victory of the empire was on several occasions so decisive, and the number of Turks slain so great, that the Homans might well think themselves justified in believing that they had annihilated the foe.

Immigrants from Central Asia

The Crusaders, too, inflicted what they thought to be crushing, and what were really very serious, blows. But the constant flow of a stream of immigrants from Central Asia recruited the strength of the invaders, and Homans and Crusaders were alike powerless to put an end to their progress. The empire had, as we shall see, other and powerful enemies to contend against. The struggle it had maintained for a century and a half against the Turks, and the loss of revenue from so wealthy a territory as that which it had lost, had greatly weakened it.

The cost in men and money had drained the imperial treasury, and compelled the emperors to inflict a burden of taxation upon their subjects greater than they could bear. Ho fact could show more conclusively to what desperate straits Asia Minor had come than that Christian populations should have voluntarily exchanged the rule of the empire for that of the Turk. Whole districts had been allowed to go out of cultivation. Villages had disappeared. Cities of ancient renown were rapidly dwindling down to insignificant villages, or were becoming altogether forgotten.

Asia Minor, instead of being a source of strength to the empire, had become one of weakness. The increasing attacks of a barbarous horde, whoso losses were immediately supplied by the stream of barbarians whom the hope of plunder and religious fanaticism attracted, had lessened the strength of the empire, largely exhausted its resources, and diminished its reputation.

August Edict registered in the proper department

When this, my Imperial will, shall be brought to your knowledge and appreciation, you will nave this August Edict registered in the proper department, and cause it to be perpetuated in the hands of the above-mentioned subjects, and you will see to it that its requirements be always executed in their full import.

Thus be it known to thee, and respect my sacred signet.

Written in the holy month of Moharrem, A. H. 1267 (November, 1850).

Given in the protected city of Constantinople

Even this did not fully protect the Protestants. Its provisions were disregarded by the governors of some of the provinces, and persecution of the Protestants continued. In 1853, another Firman was issued, and sent to all the governors, as well as the head-men of the Protestants, requiring that the previous Charters should be strictly enforced.

IMPERIAL FIRMAN OF 1853.

Let attention be given to the unchangeable, constant, and perpetual execution of the provisions contained in this, my High Finnan; and let care be taken not to contravene it.

To Sdepan, the chosen and honorable Vakeel of the Protestant Christian community! May your honor be increased! When my High Firman reaches you, know that the all-just and sovereign God, the gracious giver of good, according to His divine, excellent, and boundless goodness, having caused my Imperial and August person to reign in regal glory; and having elevated me to the lofty and Imperial rank of Caliph, I give thanks and glory that so many cities and diverse classes and subjects, nations and servants, are committed to the hand of my most just Caliphate, as a special divine trust.

Sultanship

Wherefore, in accordance with the benevolence due from my civil and spiritual power, and also in conformity with the excellent custom “of my Sultanship and my sovereignty, being favored by the divine goodness and aided from above, since my succeeding to the happy Imperial throne, I have used all my care to secure perfect protection to each class of all the subjects of my government, and especially, as in all former times, that they may enjoy perfect quiet in the performance of religious rites and services, without distinction, in accordance with my true and honest Imperial purpose and my benevolent will; and my Imperial government, continually and without ceasing, watches for the same.

Absent about five months

He reached his home at Philadelphia on the 15th of October, having been absent about five months, during which he had preached every Sabbath but one, and had made public addresses nearly every day in the week.

He soon commenced, in compliance with the oft-repeated request of his children, to write out for them the reminiscences of his life. He had always declined doing so on account of his unwillingness to speak or write of himself, but as soon as he entered upon the work, he became deeply interested in the review of his life, and in making the record. As he walked the floor of his room dictating to his youngest daughter, who for years had been his amanuensis, the events of his early life came back to him with such freshness that he seemed literally to be living his life over again; and as one scene after another rose up vividly before him, he indulged freely by turns in laughter and in tears. These reminiscences, as far as he was spared to complete them, form the earlier pages of this volume.

Commending the beloved companion

On Saturday evening, Feb. 16, 1867, he finished the letter giving an account of “ How he found a wife,” which he closed by commending the beloved companion of his youth and of his old age to his children, as worthy of all the love and trust he had reposed in her. The next day he was apparently in perfect health. lie attended the morning service in the church, and in the afternoon was at the Sabbath school.

He remained longer than usual with his Bible class, to arrange with them for the support of one of two young men at Robert College, Constantinople, for whom he had engaged to provide. On returning home, though much wearied, he said to Mrs. Goodell, “ I am so happy; I think I shall get one of these boys started in his education, and if one is provided for, I am sure God will raise up means for the other.” Then folding his hands upon his breast, as was his wont, and seated in his chair, he fell asleep.

Wholly without sympathy for the great object

This verdict upon the principles and course of Sir Ilenry Bulwer was fully confirmed in his speedy recall. He was plainly unfitted to represent the Christian government of Eng-land at such a court as that of the Sublime Porte. Wholly without sympathy for the great object and the great work of the Christian missionaries, he was also so ignorant of the facts in the case, and of religious matters in general, as to assert, and insist upon it, that Dr. Pander was an American, sent out by the American Board; and when the English representative of the British and Foreign Bible Society assured him lie must have been misinformed, for Dr. Pfunder was from England, and was in the service of the English Church Missionary Society, Sir Ilenry replied that he himself was an Englishman, and knew what there was in England, and lie had never heard of such a thing as the Church Missionary Society.

This storm of persecution and excitement, though violent for a time, was not long in passing over and its occurrence was the means of defining more clearly the true character of the religious charter which the Sultan had granted to his subjects, and of making them more secure in the enjoyment of the privileges which had been guaranteed. It is simply wonderful that this Mohammedan power, which by the creed of Islam is pledged to intolerance, if not to persecution, has given so many and such strong pledges, binding itself to carry out the principles of toleration and protection toward those of other religions.

Dr, Goodell’s native politeness and true dignity of heart were never more apparent than when he had occasion to ask pecuniary aid in the work in which he was engaged. This was always done with perfect delicacy, and with the utmost regard for the rights of others; and yet when he made such an application, he did it as though he were presenting a draft which he had received personally from the Lord Jesus, whose is “ the earth and the fulness thereof.” One scarcely can tell which most to admire in the following correspondence, the Christian propriety and freedom of the application, the heartiness with which the generous response was made, or the scriptural simplicity and beauty of the acknowledgment when the response was received: —

CONSTANTINOPLE, Oct. 4, 1864.

To the Rev. W. ADAMS, D.D., Madison Square, Aew York:

Mr. Sarkis Minasian

REV. AND DEAR BROTHER, — Mr. Sarkis Minasian, a native Armenian of Constantinople, but a naturalized American citizen and a good Christian brother, offers to lend us five hundred pounds for two years without interest, on condition that we use it in completing the church which we commenced building several years ago, but had to stop for want of funds. Five hundred pounds is the estimate of the architect, and he has this day commenced the work under the direction of Mr. Minasian and ourselves.

Permitted to be present on every grand occasion or great celebration

But time changed all things, and I must not forget that you are no longer in Fera, but have removed to another country. 1 wonder whether, after our removal to a better country, even an heavenly, we shall be able or be permitted to be present on every grand occasion or great celebration that takes place among the glorified ones above. I know of two bright spirits who had to deny themselves and forego the pleasure of being present on one of the grandest occasions it is possible to conceive. When the Son of God “ went up where He was before,” and all heaven poured forth to do Him honor, and the high command was given, “ Lift up your heads, O ye gates, and be ye lifted up, ye everlasting doors, and the King of glory shall come in,” two of the blessed angels could not be present. They could not delay a moment to view the pageant, but must hasten down to a little mountain near Jerusalem, in order to give some directions to eleven poor fishermen. And how many others were sent off in other directions to other worlds we know not. But was it no self-denial in them to be absent from this most blessed occasion?

Let us, then, learn to exercise self-denial here, that it may not seem hard to us there. Let us learn to exercise faith, confidence, and a firm trust in God here, for we shall have to confide in Him for ever.

Always your brother,

W. GOODELL.

To another friend in this country, with whom he had long been in correspondence, he wrote: —

Occupy hereafter

“I hope that, in some of the many mansions we may occupy hereafter, we shall be much nearer to each other’s habitations than we now are, and that our good Newbury- port friends will be quite in our neighborhood. What blessed introductions await us! And as to our location, and the location of our friends, as to the particular mansions assigned to us or to them, I presume we shall be perfectly satisfied, not having the slightest change to suggest. Well, let us be satisfied with those we now occupy, for they were assigned to us by the same loving Father.”

Sympathy with Christ in self

I had intended and expected to visit Jacksonville, and I regretted not being able to do so. I had thought much of seeing again the venerable instructor of my youth, to whom more than to any other individual do I feel my obligations for those maxims and precepts which contributed so much to form my character. When I entered Phillips Academy I was already a professor of religion, and perhaps I possessed a little of it; but earnest and spiritual religion, benevolence as an active, living principle, and sympathy with Christ in self- denying effort to save men, were but little understood in my native place. The hints, therefore, which you dropped from day to day, the views you expressed, the exhortations and appeals you made to our consciences, together with the deep religious feeling you manifested in every thing, were all new to me. They were indeed spirit and life to my soul, and they waked up within me new thoughts and purposes, the influence of which I feel to this day. A blessed place was that academy to me, as it has been, I doubt not, to many others. To have seen your face, therefore, once more in the flesh, and, bowing the knee with you in prayer, to have joined in those fervent supplications with which many of your former pupils were so much edified, would indeed have been very gratifying; but it was not permitted.

Away from five beloved children

I am now on my return to my field of labor in the East, and we have already passed the Western Islands. This our second departure from our native land was much more trying to us than was our first, for we had now to tear ourselves away from five beloved children whom we left behind. May this painful separation be greatly blessed both to them and to us. To your prayers do we commend them, together with ourselves and our work. And may your own life be long preserved, that you may still for many years be a blessing to your friends! and that in the important sphere you now occupy you may be as useful to ten thousands of the children’s children as in times past you have been to the children themselves.

It is not probable that we shall ever meet again here; but no matter, for we are almost there. Time seems short, and eternity near; and this is just as it should be. May we daily feel the powers of the world to come, and be as strongly attracted thither as we are swiftly carried thither on the wings of time!

Christian love to all your dear children, and best wishes for all their children.

Your affectionate pupil,

W. GOODELL.

To the Rev. Dr. Anderson, Secretary of the Board tour packages bulgaria, he wrote from the ship, on reaching Malta: —

MALTA, Sept. 5, 1853.

Separation from our beloved children

MY DEAR BROTHER, — To the day of our second departure from our native land we had looked forward with much ap-prehension; and we had long prayed that all the circumstances of it, and especially of our separation from our beloved children, might be ordered in great mercy and kindness. And God, “ who is rich in mercy,” heard our prayers, and sustained and comforted both their hearts and ours far beyond what we had expected. May He grant also abounding grace, that this separation, though now so painful, may be greatly sanctified both to them and to us, and to all our other dear relatives and friends, and thus prove a much richer blessing to us all that our presence with them could have proved. And in the same great mercy and kindness may He order all the circumstances of our re-entrance into our field of labor in the East, of our continuance in it, and of our final departure from it, together with our removal from all these earthly scenes.

Renewedly would we now consecrate our unworthy selves, and the poor remnant of our days, to the blessed service of Christ; and had we a thousand to devote, we would not reserve one of them for mere self-gratification.

To be connected with IIis great kingdom is to be con- nected with that which is not only great and good, but everlasting, and “of the increase of which there will be no end.” And to be connected with it in this very way of extending its humanizing, saving influences among whole races and communities of men who “ heretofore were not a people,” and “had not obtained mercy,” though it be attended with many privations and hardships, and much self-denial, is yet a work which the sons and (laughters of the church should esteem as a privilege exceedingly great and precious.

Forwarding from the United States

Accordingly, when all had retired, he took the mysterious box to his study, and, before proceeding to open it, kneeled and commended himself, his household, and the mission, to the care of the covenant God. With trembling hands he then removed one envelope after another in a long succession, until he reached and removed the last; when his eyes fell, not upon a deadly weapon, but upon the faces of his beloved daughters, who were far over the seas.

They had chosen this method of forwarding from the United States their daguerreotypes, as a surprise to those at home, sending the package by the hand of the captain of a ship, with an injunction that it should be delivered without any intimation of what it contained, or of the source from which it came.

The father’s tears of love and thankfulness fell thick upon the familiar faces, and the whole family were immediately aroused to share in his joy.

During the latter part of 18 and the following year, the fierceness of actual persecution on the part of the Armenian ecclesiastics was stayed, but their hostility toward all who manifested any tendency to evangelical principles was not in the least abated. They took another method of expressing it, described by Mr. Goodell, under date of Oct. 27, 18: —

“All fiery persecution has now ceased. The policy of the present patriarch is more in accordance with civilized usage. The aim is to wear out the patience of the brethren, by depriving them of business in the most quiet and effectual way possible, and thus to reduce them to subjection by reducing them to poverty in a more genteel way than by prison and exile.

Spirit of determination

This is really, as our brethren confess, harder to bear, because it does not, on the one hand, rouse up the mind of the sufferer to such a spirit of determination, nor, on the other, does it secure so much sympathy from others. But, to the praise of God’s grace be it spoken, they all hold on their way, and the Lord is adding to them continually of such as shall be saved. The papists are still popping away at us with missiles drawn from the Missionary Ilerald,” but nobody seems now to care any thing about it. In fact, I have heard of no one being shot, or even wounded.

From strength to strength

To me this work has been, next to preaching the Gospel, the most delightful employment. The land through which I have passed has not been a wilderness to me, — a land of drought and barrenness, but it has been a country of fertile vales, and hills of the richest mines, abounding with such beautiful prospects and refreshing shade and cooling fountains, that I have often stopped to enjoy the scenery, to listen to the sweet songsters of the grove, to “ drink of the brook in the way,” and thus to “go on from strength to strength.”

My feelings have gone along with those of the sacred writers to such a degree, that often when alone, in my study I have been reading a page perhaps for the seventh time, I have had to stop in order to wipe away the fast flowing tears, or to offer up such prayers and praises, as the subject called forth. And then, only think of such a song as that of Deborah’s! Having in such perfection all the softness and delicacy and minute detail and lively description of female composition! Who could translate it without feeling his very heart dance within him!

I could almost wish that all the Lord’s people were translators, as Moses wished them all prophets, in order that they might see with their own eyes the very words and the very manner, often inimitable in translating, in which the great God expressed His thoughts to man, and might thus enter more readily into all the scenes and circumstances and feelings of those “ holy men of God, who spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost.” God’s word is, indeed, a great deep; who can fathom it? It is divinely beautiful; who that once looks upon it can help gazing for ever with ever increasing delight? It is fraught with the riches of eternity; who shall not prize it “ above gold, yea, above fine gold ”?

Gesenius and Simoni’s Lexicon

My helps have been Robinson’s Gesenius and Simoni’s Lexicon, Michaelis’ Hebrew Bible, with critical notes in the margin, Rosenmiiller’s Scholia, Barnes’s Notes on Isaiah, Keiiffer’s Turkish Bible, Leeves’s Greco-Turkish, and the Septuagint, with the English.

Before night between three and four thousand houses were heaps of ashes

Upon the very heels of these disasters came another of those fearful conflagrations with which Constantinople has been so often visited. On the 9th of August, nearly if not quite half of Pera, where Mr. Goodell was living, was reduced to ashes. The fire broke out in the morning in the midst of wooden buildings, which, owing to a long-continued drought, had become like tinder, and before night between three and four thousand houses were heaps of ashes, and not less than fifty thousand of the inhabitants were without a home or a shelter.

Armenians were visited with severe personal

In addition to these public calamities, the Armenians were visited with severe personal afflictions. In the sudden reverses of the government and the country some of the wealthiest bankers were reduced to poverty, one of them in the extremity of his misfortunes committing suicide. The hand of God was laid heavily upon many of those who had been leaders in the persecution, so that it became a common remark that God was taking the side of the persecuted and vindicating their cause.

In the shadow of all these public and domestic calamities a council of the Armenian leaders was called, at which it was resolved that those who had been sent into exile should be recalled, and that the rigorous measures against the evangelical converts should be suspended. There was no real change in the feelings of the leaders, but they were awed.

They seemed to realize that the hand of God was lifted against them, and that it was best to stay the persecution. The old patriarch, who was friendly to the missionaries, was reinstated, and the assistant, who had been appointed to the office for the purpose of carrying out the most rigorous measures, was dismissed. One after another of the banished returned; those who had embraced the simple truths of the Gospel had their faith confirmed; intercourse with the missionaries was resumed; their own labors among the people were taken up; and the work of God appeared to receive a new impulse.

Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ

The sequel you know. I therefore only add, to those that died we believe it was gain, infinite gain! While those that survived lost nothing, nothing! On the contrary, they received a thousand-fold. I do not think Mr. Dwight ever had so much real enjoyment before in his whole life, put it all together, as he has had within a few months. His peace is like a river. His feet are on a rock, or rather The Rock. And his head is far above all the storms and tempests of this temporary scene. Oh, what a Saviour is this of ours! Oh, what a glorious Gospel is this of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ!

“ His worth, if all the nations knew,

Sure the whole world would love him too.”

Is not this my fifteenth letter to Catskill? Shall you, my dear sir, live to receive fifteen more? or shall I live to write them? Neither the one nor the other is at all probable. But no matter, I trust we shall have eternal life, through Jesus Christ our Lord. And instead of saying to you, as all my neighbors are saying to me on this new year, “ Many happy returns to you,” I would say, “ May you live for ever! ”

And so may yours truly,

W. GOODELL.

He writes in his journal at this time of these and other trying scenes through which he and his associates were called to pass: —

Around the Mediterranean

“ The missionary families in and around the Mediterranean have been afflicted in a very uncommon degree, and not only by sickness and death, but also by opposition of a peculiarly trying nature. Men have persecuted them for being so much like Christ, and God has chastised them for not being more like Him. But of whatever nature the affliction, the fruit of it, as there is good reason to believe, has been to take away sin. Though not in itself joyous, but grievous, it has yielded some of the peaceable fruits of righteousness. Oh, what deadness to the world it has in some instances produced! What lively hopes of heaven! What acquaintance with Christ, and with the power of His resurrection, and the fellowship of His sufferings, and the preciousness of His Gospel! And what near and strong views of those things which are unseen and eternal!

Notwithstanding all the books

The following passage occurs in his journal: —

“ We feel it to be an occasion for devout thankfulness that we have never been drawn aside from our work to engage in any controversy with the Greeks. Notwithstanding all the books that have been published against us and our operations, we have never written one syllable or said one word in reply. We have had enough else to do; and we have kept about our own work as though nothing had been said or written against us, leaving them to light on alone, ‘ as one that beat- eth the air.’ ”

So clear was his conviction of the truth that Christ’s kingdom is not of this world, and that it is not to be advanced by worldly authority and power, that he was exceedingly averse to obtaining firmans for carrying on any missionary operations, or seeking official interference and protection from the government whenever it could be avoided. To one of the missionaries at Smyrna, who had urgently requested his influence with Commodore Porter, as United States Charge d’affaires, to obtain some official protection of the schools, he counselled quiet prosecution of the work, without creating disturbance or invoking aid from any civil power, and especially a foreign power: —

January 24, 1834. The fact is, our strength consists in being as quiet as possible. The less that is said and known about our operations so much the better. A great deal can be done in a silent, harmless, inoffensive way in these countries, but nothing in a storm. I do deprecate a storm far more than any of our consuls or worldly wise men do. If Mr. 0. talks to you of prudence, you may go all lengths with him, and a great deal further, unless he is different from any consul I have ever seen.

Be frank with him, and ask his advice whenever you know it cannot but be exactly in accordance with your own views; ask it, too, whenever you are in any real doubt as to our relations with the Porte, &c. We did not come here to quarrel with governors and pashas, nor with patriarchs and bishops. And, as to the Catholics, pray let them entirely alone, and neither curse them at all nor bless them at all.”

To another missionary at Smyrna, who had asked the same kind of interference, he wrote: —

“ From a remark in Mr. T.’s letter, I find you are still expecting I should endeavor to obtain a firman for the restoration of your Turkish schools, and wondering why I should have been so long silent on the subject. I had in numerous letters expressed my views and feelings so very fully on this whole subject, in the case of Bishop Dionysius, that I supposed all the brethren at Smyrna perfectly understood that the thing was, in our view, impracticable.

Reis Effendi the ambassadors

“ Pray, how is such a firman to be obtained? Avho shall apply for it? No ambassador can do it officially, without transcending the powers vested in him. And to urge him to do it is to urge him to do what is not his duty, what is a violation of the treaty, and what, of course, his own government will not bear him out in doing. Ought he, then, to do it? I answer unhesitatingly, he ought not. Ilis official conduct ought to be strictly conformed to the treaty, as it is mutually understood by the parties. If the treaty be defective, that is no concern of his, except with his own government at home; all he can do is to represent its defects to them, and in the mean time to abide by the existing one till his government can or will form a new and better one with the Porte. Should he happen to be on familiar terms with any distinguished Turks, he can, of course, as a private individual From Alican and Dilucu border gates to Karakale, ask and obtain favors of them, such as they are able to grant. But firmans are official documents; they proceed from the Reis Effendi, and bear the signature of the Sultan; and, besides, with the Reis Effendi the ambassadors are seldom on terms of intimacy.

Indeed, they seldom have much intercourse with any of the high officers of government, except what is strictly of a diplomatic or official character. In this character they are not in general backward; but, on the contrary, are forward. This is especially true of all consuls, so far as I have known them. At Beyrout they were petty kings; they were disposed to go far beyond what existing treaties would allow, or their own governments at home would sanction, and instead of a spur they rather needed a curb. Ought they, then, to be urged and goaded and fretted, when their own inclination already leads them to interfere beyond what existing treaties give them any right to do? Manifestly they ought not.

Description of Stamboul

He reached Constantinople on the 9th of June. His description of Stamboul and its suburbs, as seen on his approach, is not excelled in graphic force and beauty by any of the numerous pictures that have been drawn of the grandeur of this magnificent Oriental scene: —

“June 9. We all rose at an early hour to see Constantinople. The storm had passed away, the stars were fading out of their places, the winds breathed soft, and the morning had all the freshness and coolness of one at this season of the year in New England after a refreshing shower. The view of Constantinople was at first indistinct, and presented nothing striking. We began to call in question the correctness of the opinions expressed by writers, of the unrivalled beauty of its situation and of the scenery around. But as we approached the city the prospect became enchanting.

On our left were fields rich in cultivation and fruitfulness. On our right were the little isles of the sea, and beyond the high lands of Broosa, with Olympus rearing its head above the clouds and covered with eternal snow. In the city, mosques, domes, and hundreds of lofty minarets were starting up amidst the more humble abodes of men, all embosomed in groves of dark cypress, which, in some instances, seemed almost like dense forests; while before, behind, and around us were, besides many boats of the country, more than twenty square-rigged vessels, bearing the flags of different nations, under full sail, with a light but favorable breeze, all converging to one point, and that point Constantinople.

Sweep around Seraglio Point

When we first caught a glimpse of Top-IIana, Galata, and Pera, stretching from the water’s edge to the summit of the hills, and as we began to sweep around Seraglio Point, the view became most beautiful and sublime. It greatly surpassed all that I had ever conceived of it. We had been sailing along what I should call the south side of the city for four or five miles, and were now entering the Bosphorus, with the city on our left and Scutari on our right.

The mosques of St. Sophia and Sultan Achmet, with the palaces and gardens of the present Sultan Mahmoud, were before us in all their majesty and loveliness. The latticed windows of the women’s apartments, the gilt doors, with the titles of the grand seignior inscribed over the massive gates in letters of gold, were coming into sight like enchantment. Numberless boats were shooting rapidly by in all directions, giving to the scene the appearance of life, activity, pleasure, and business.

The imperial proteges of the Crusaders

But the conditions on which help had been rendered to Isaac Angelus were too hard to be fulfilled; and insistence upon them provoked the national feeling against the foreign intruders. The imperial proteges of the Crusaders were murdered, or died from fear, and the smouldering embers of the strife burst once more into flames. The army of the Crusade was therefore taken on board the fleet, and proceeded to make a joint attack upon the portion of the harbour walls which Dandolo had once before captured. Victory wavered from side to side.

At length, on Easter Monday 1204, Venetian ships approached so near to the walls in the Phanar quarter that bridges attached to the masts settled upon the parapet of the fortifications. Brave knights rushed across, cut down the defenders, clambered down into the city, and threw open the nearest gates. The blind Doge, ninety years old, leaped upon the beach, with the banner of S. Mark in his hands, and summoned his men to follow. The Emperor Murtzuphlus, who watched these operations from the terrace of the Church of Pantepoptes, fled, and for the first time in its history, Constantinople became the prize of a foreign foe.

The transportation of a fleet over the hill that rises some two hundred and fifty feet between the Bosporus and the Golden Horn was a skilful piece of strategy, and formed one of the most striking incidents in the siege of 1453. By compelling attention to the safety of the walls along the harbour, it extended the line of attack, and weakened the defence of the landward walls. To effect the passage, a road was made through the ravines leading from Beshiktash on the straits to Cassim Pasha on the Golden Horn.

On that road well greased logs were laid, like the sleepers on a railway, and then some seventy or eighty galleys, of fifteen, twenty, or twenty-two pairs of oars, were placed in ships1 cradles and dragged by men, oxen, and buffaloes, in the course of a single night, up one slope and down the other, from sea to sea. The incongruous form of navigation put everybody concerned in making the voyage into good humour. Drums beat, fifes sounded, and to add to the zest of the enterprise, the sails were unfurled, the oars were pulled, the rudders set, as if the vessels were proceeding over their native element.

Golden Horn afforded no amusement to the besieged

But the apparition of the enemy’s ships in the Golden Horn afforded no amusement to the besieged. It increased immensely their anxiety and the difficulties of their task. A brave attempt to bum the Turkish vessels failed, and though the flotilla actually did little in the way of direct attack, it remained a standing menace to the northern side of the city until the close of the siege, a thundercloud keeping men in constant dread of the bolts that might dart from its black bosom. Very appropriately, the Turkish Admiralty stands on the shore of the bay in which an Ottoman fleet first rode the waters of the Golden Horn.

The faithful water carriers sakka

However inconvenient this arrangement may seem, it was always a pleasing sight to see groups of women and children gathered towards evening about the fountain (Tchesmfc) of their district to fill graceful, bright-coloured pitchers at the gushing faucets, and then to wend homewards. It took one far back in the ways of the world, and was a bit of the country in the town. Nor are the faithful water- carriers (sakka) forgotten, who brought water in great leathern vessels, shaped like a blunderbuss, hung horizontally by a strap from the left shoulder, and who poured the contents into a large earthen-ware vessel within your house. The aqueducts of Valens, Justinian, and other Byzantine Emperors, as well as the Basilica Cistern Batan Serai) still act their part in furnishing the city with water.

Until recently, the only other source of water- supply was either rain-water led from the roof into a cistern built under the house, or water brought in barrels from springs in the surrounding country. The introduction of water from the Lake of Derkos, which lies dose to the Black Sea, to the west of the Bosporus, has been a great boon to the dty, but it is not in favour for drinking purposes.

Oriental Art in the dty

The most interesting fountains are those known as Sebil, generally pious foundations, and next to the mosques and turbehs, the best specimens of Oriental Art in the dty. The finest example of this form of fountain is the well-known Fountain of Sultan Achmed III. (1703-1780), which stands to the east of S. Sophia, near the Grand Entrance to the Seraglio, and which was de-signed by that Sultan himself. The fountains are polygonal chambers; with broad, brightly-painted, wooden eaves; with sides of gilded open iron work, or of marble slabs, over which carved flowers and fruits are spread in profusion; and, often, surmounted by fantastic little domes. Within, is found a tank from which a man keeps full of water a number of metal cups, attached by chains to the iron work, but accessible, through the openings in it, to every thirsty wayfarer, without money and without price.

The living, personal, human element in this mode of distributing water is as impressive as the fairy form of the monument Furthermore, water-carriers, paid from the funds which endow a fountain, go about the streets to give “the water of life ” freely to any person who asks for it To erect a public fountain is a very usual form of public benefaction among Moslems, and is regarded as highly meritorious.

Engaged in the study of Arabic

Beyrout thus became the head-quarters of missionary operations in Syria; and as it was the only spot where missionary homes were established, it was frequently visited by the different missionary brethren who had come to the country. Mr. King spent much of his time at a monastery in Mount Lebanon, engaged in the study of Arabic; but he often joined the families on the coast. Pliny Fisk, who was engaged in exploring the country with a view to future operations, was also several times welcomed to the homes and the hearts of those who had known him as a brother beloved in their native land. And when his short work was done, just two years after Messrs.

Goodell and Bird landed, this devoted servant of Christ, whose name in connection with that of Levi Parsons, the first missionaries to Palestine, will ever be kept in sweet remembrance, came here to die lieturning from one of his tours, he reached the house of Mr. Goodell in his usual health, but was soon attacked with a fever which he had contracted while watching with an English gentleman. For several days there were no alarming symptoms; but, although every thing that love and tender care could do for him was done, and with apparent success, his disease suddenly took an unfavorable turn, and, rapidly sinking under its power, early on the morning of the Lord’s day, Oct. 23, 1825, he entered into rest. Of this event Mr. Goodell wrote at the time: —

Thankfulness in the course of his illness

“ It seems a great mercy that he died with us, and not abroad among strangers. This he often mentioned with thankfulness in the course of his illness. It appeared a comfort to him to have us about him to converse with him, pray for him, and strengthen his faith in God. Some of the Arabs were deeply affected, as they stood around his dying bed; they were amazed at his peace of mind, and could not conceive it possible that any one could be so willing to die.

They wept. We explained to them the cause of his tranquillity and joy, related to them much of his religious views and experience, and told them of Christ and heaven. Indeed, we sometimes felt that Christ and heaven were present. It seemed but a step ‘ to Him that sitteth upon the throne and to the Lamb,’ where God himself wipes away all tears.”

Laric Attila Genseric

This extension of the city’s limits involved, of course, the erection of new fortifications. Indeed the demand to make the capital of the East a mightier stronghold was not less urgent than the necessity to enlarge its borders. No statesman of the 5th century of our era could fail to realise the formidable character of the barbarian peril which then lowered over the Empire. A period in which an Alaric, an Attila, a Genseric, insulted the majesty of the Roman name, and trampled upon Roman strength, a period in which the Eternal City was captured and sacked, in which Carthage was lost, and the original fabric of the Empire in the West was levelled to the ground, must have been a time when the minds of serious men were troubled by fears and anxieties. These disasters necessarily cast, ere they came, long and dark shadows before them.

Most fortunately for the eastern division of the Empire it had, early in this critical period, a statesman at the head of the Government who comprehended the situation, and who had the sagacity to devise measures by which the strength of the impending storm might be greatly reduced, if not broken. During the first six years of the reign of Theodosius II., who ascended the throne when a child of eight years, the government was in the hands of Anthemius, the Praetorian Prefect of the East. His abilities and character had already made him conspicuous towards the close of the reign of Arcadius. Chrysostom admired him greatly, and described him as a person who honoured any office he held more than the office honoured him. And now that he was Regent of the Empire he did all in his power to prepare the ship of State to encounter the coming tempest.

His first step for that purpose was to establish peace with Persia, the standing rival and foe of the Empire. In the next place, he forced the Huns who had appeared to the south of the Danube to retrace their steps, and placed a flotilla of warships upon the river to prevent the return of those fierce barbarians.

New production technology together

The summit of electric power industry in Bulgaria has been marked by the adoption of motor-generator units-a new production technology together with the Japanese company Toshiba for the needs of the Chaira PSHPP. The reversible motor-generator units are 240 MW, 19 kV, 600 rpm and are among the most complex electrical machines at that time.

Within the period 1970-1980 the overall output of the electrical equipment industry increased about 3 times

Growth of the electrical equipment industry output (index 1970=100), %

On the basis of expanded production capacities and their intensive utilization, the output of some main groups of electrical products was significantly increased.

Table 20 presents the development of the two main groups of electrical products typical of that industry.

The wide product range of the Bulgarian electrical equipment industry has had a constant and steady development in terms of quantity and quality and has found a good acceptance on the international markets.

After 1989 when democratic rule replaced totalitarian rule, a structural reform has been carried out in the industry, including the electrical industry. The reform consists of privatization of the industrial enterprises which used to be a state property before that. All that has led to a certain decrease in the electrical industry output which has affected its international markets, quite well developed until then.

Electroimpex established

As already mentioned, the steady growth of electrification in Bulgaria in the second half of the 20th century also had a great impact on the design and fulfillment of electric power projects abroad. The beginning was laid in 1960 with the establishing of Electroimpex as a foreign-trade enterprise with exclusive rights in Bulgaria on the import and export of electrical goods and equipment. In the first years Electroimpex established business relations with companies from 16 countries in the world. From the very beginning of its existence Electroimpex was involved in and contributed with its specialization to the development of the electric power system, as well as to the establishment of the electrical industry in Bulgaria.

The efforts were directed to overall co-operation and participation in laying the foundations and the development of a market-oriented electrical industry on the basis of full compliance with the requirements and recommendations of IEC and the most widely applied international standards such as BS, DIN, etc. As a result of the efforts made jointly with the man-ufacturers, Bulgarian electrical goods and equipment found their place on the international markets.

Bilateral contract the firm Siemens-Schuckert

The low-voltage network (220/127 V) was a three-phase type like that in Kazanlak. In 1912-1913, when the network was constructed, Varna had a population of 43 000 people and 64 km total length of the streets 80 °/o of which, i.e. 48 km were electrified. The rest of the streets were not yet covered by the town plan.

The Varna DPP (diesel power plant) was com missioned on January 1st 1914, at the same time with the Enina HPP commissioning. The utility belonged to the Varna municipality.

The town of Rousse was electrified as late as 1917, by the end of the period reviewed here. Since it was a river-port town on the Danube and an important point on the way to Western and Eastern Europe, as well as a cul-tural center, the issue of its electrification was put forward at the very beginning of the 20th century A decision was made for the setting up of a municipal electrification enterprise. In 1911 there were already plans for the con-struction of a diesel power plant and electricity distribution network in the town. A bid was announced for the purpose and it was won by Siemens-Schuckert.

Pursuant to the agreement terms and the bilateral contract the firm Siemens-Schuckert supplied and installed a diesel power plant with the following characteristics:

3 generating sets with four-cylinder compressor vertical diesel engines of 279 hp unit capacity, 187 rpm;

3 three-phase 260 kVA, 3000V, 50 Hz generators, directly coupled to the engines and the respective exciter.

The HV distribution cable network was for 3 kV voltage, with section 3×50 mm2. Nine distribution transformers for 3000/220/127 V were installed in metal construction. The low-voltage network (210/120 V) was an overhead three-phase type. The voltage applied to electrical motors was 210 V, and for lighting purposes-120 V.

Due to the wars Bulgaria was involved in during the second decade of the 20th century, and World War I in particular, the implementation of the Rousse power plant was greatly delayed. It was officially commissioned in 1917.

Important town of Pirot

Let us examine for a moment the physical characteristics of the stream- carved trench which has figured so prominently in the past history of southeastern Europe and which again today has focused upon it the eyes of the civilized world. The mouth of the Morava valley is widely open to the plains of Hungary, where the Morava River unites with the Danube some miles east of Belgrade. Southward up the river the valley narrows gradually, and the hills on either side rise to mountainous proportions; but as far up as Nish it is mature, with a flat and sometimes marshy flood- plain over which the river flows in a complicated meandering course, with occasional ox-bow lakes and braided channels. Only at two points, where the river has probably cut through ridges of exceptionally resistant rock, does the valley narrow to a more youthful form and force the better roads to make long detours over the hills. There is usually ample room for a main road on each side of the river, while the railway crosses from one bank to the other in order to connect with the larger towns located on the valley floor. The river is navigable half way up to Nish, and throughout the entire distance the flood-plain soils yield rich harvests of maize and wheat.

From Nish the route leads southeastward up a branch stream called the Nishava, to a low divide within Bulgarian territory. The valley of the Nishava is more youthful than that of the Morava and is so narrow in places that the wagon road twice abandons it for a course across the mountains. The railway is able to follow it throughout, however, and in one place the valley widens to a broad basin on the floor of which lies the important town of Pirot. Here fortresses crowned the adjacent hills to guard against a Bulgar invasion of Servia along this comparatively easy path.

After crossing the divide at Dragoman Pass, about 2,500 feet above sea-level, both road and railway descend to the broad, fertile floor of the Sofia basin. Fortunately this trends northwest-southeast and is thus in line with the general course of the Morava-Maritza trench, although it drains to the northeast through a narrow outlet gorge into the Danube. At the southeastern end of the basin the low Yakarel Pass, but little higher than the Dragoman, is crossed, and road and railway easily reach the much larger basin drained by the Maritza River and its tributaries.

Dismantled village is Palamont

From the hills we perceived many villages in a plain to our right, and saw the ruins of one that had been destroyed not long before by a minister of the Porte, the inhabitants having refused, most likely from inability, to furnish a large sum of money which this avaricious and cruel tyrant had demanded. The name of this dismantled village is Palamont: it had been inhabited by about five hundred families, who were all put to the sword without distinction of age or sex. Thus do these devoted people frequently fall victims to the rapacity and relentless cruelty of barbarous and despotic tyrants, who under the mask of duty to their sovereign veil the most atrocious acts of cruelty and oppression.

After three hours’ ride at the rate ot about four miles an hour we arrived at a coffee-house, where our guide, Pauolo, advised us to stop in order to refresh ourselves and our mules. You meet very frequently with these houses in Turkey; and here the traveller may stop if he chooses, and be accommodated with coffee without sugar and a pipe. We entered a little cottage not unlike an Irish barn. It was built of mud and straw, and not more remarkable for its furniture within than its architecture without. The only moveables in the house [were] a couple of mats, on which we spread our repast ; and though we were surrounded by Turks, who were enjoying their pipes, we made an excellent meal on cold partridge which our good friend at Smyrna had packed up for us, with a liberal allowance of Madeira wine to last for our journey.

The first object that engaged my attention, after leaving our hotel, was a Burying-ground. It was surrounded, as all these places are, with lofty cypresses. I was much surprised at the sight of such an immense number of graves, most of them recently dug two-brothers: but I soon recollected that I was travelling through a country where the plague seldom intermits for any length of time : and upon inquiring I found that above one thousand of these graves had been made about four months back, when the plague raged at Smyrna, and in its vicinity.

These considerations for some time damped our spirits, and inspired us with gloomy and dismal ideas. Over each of these graves is a stone of about four feet in height, set upright and a turban carved on the top. They are painted in different colours, as red, white and green. Those who are honoured with the latter have their origin from Mahomet and call themselves his descendants. They are looked upon as of the same family and no others are permitted to have the green turban on their tombs after their decease.

We travelled for the remainder of the day over a fine country, the soil of which shewed everywhere marks or richness and fertility. The road, if we may give it that name, was very bad, and indeed not passable for carriages; but we saw no obstacles to impede the equestrian traveller, as the grounds were without enclosures. The greatest part of the country was planted with cotton trees, and those plantations were remarkably well cultivated and cleared of weeds, the cotton plants being set at equal distances of about three feet.

Towards evening we arrived at the summit of a very lofty mountain, from whence we discovered the extensive plain of Magnesia and could trace with the eye the winding course of the celebrated Meander. The town itself is at the distance of about six miles. We intended stopping at Magnesia for the night, and therefore made as much haste as we possibly could in order to have sufficient time to see the town.

My faithful Pauolo

On our arrival we found much difficulty in getting a lodging for the night. My faithful Pauolo at length obtained permission for us to lie under the gateway of a large court where the caravans put up. There was a little room without windows, which did not hold out to us the most pleasing prospect of the rest of our entertainment for the night. We had our beds spread on the ground, and sending Pauolo to buy us some provisions, we went, accompanied by a janissary to stroll about the town.

We did not perceive any vestige or monument of Magnesia having been once the seat of the Ottoman Court. The houses are ill built and mostly of wood ; the streets narrow and dirty. This had been the seat of the Eastern Empire, till, on the 19th of May 1453, Mahomet the second took Constantinople from Constantine Paleo- logus, and removed his Court to that celebrated city. Magnesia contains above one hundred thousand inhabitants, and next to Smyrna is the town of most trade in Turkey; being situated in one of the richest and most extensive plains in the universe. It has been distinguished for the fertility of its soil, and it is now one of the chief sources of supply to the cotton market of Smyrna.

Travelled to London

I went to meet him at Bath, from whence we travelled to London in order to forward the necessary preparations for our journey to Paris. We had not long arrived at that place before I gave him a specimen of what he had to expect.

One evening he proposed going to the play ; which, for certain reasons, I declined.

On his return, he indiscreetly entered my room and found his hopeful pupil with very indifferent company, of which, however, he took no notice ; but went immediately to bed. In the morning I appeared before him with all the awkward bashfulness attendant on a first offence: but he soon reassured me by treating the matter as a bagatelle.

Such a morality, so consonant to my own taste, soon reconciled me to the character of my tutor ; and for some time we lived together on the best terms imaginable. We remained about three weeks at Paris. I shall not attempt to say any thing at present of this famous city, so many descriptions of it having been already given—I mean as it existed ten years ago—for, since the Revolution it may be described as a place that stood in such or such a degree of latitude : besides, as I often visited it since, I shall take occasion to say something which may give an idea of its present inhabitants.

From Paris we travelled to Auch, where I was to learn French, and perfect myself in the exercise of riding, fencing and dancing. This place was fixed upon by my governor, as he had many acquaintances there whom he was desirous of seeing.

Restless disposition

On my arrival I hired an elegant house, set up a pack of hounds, procured a stable of hunters, and established my house quite a I angloise. But all this was not sufficient to satisfy my restless disposition. I therefore took a house at Cauterets and a small country residence at Bagneres, both situated in the upper Pyrenees, and much frequented on account of their mineral waters.

Gentlemans Magazine

The manuscript Memoirs of Thomas Whaley, now first published, are known to have been in existence ever since 1800, the year in which the writer died. They are mentioned in an obituary notice of him which appeared in The Gentlemans Magazine at the time, but they are supposed to have passed out of the hands of the family some forty or fifty years ago,1 since which time the place of their disposal has been a mystery, and even their existence a matter of considerable doubt. The unknown owners had been appealed to from time to time, by persons interested in the social history of Ireland during the latter portion of the eighteenth century, to make their contents public,2 but such suggestions do not seem to have reached the ears of those for whom they were intended.

Some little time ago, by a lucky accident, I happened to purchase in a London auction room what I recognised to be an interesting example of Irish binding, in the characteristic style of decoration common in Dublin at the close of the eighteenth Century, consisting of two handsome 4to volumes of manuscript bound in red morocco, inlaid and tooled in gold, and lettered on the back “Travels by T. W.”

After investigation of the contents—in which I was materially assisted by Mr. Henry F. Berry, I.S.O., of the Public Record Office, Dublin (to whom I am indebted for much other valuable aid and information)—I discovered that these volumes were the original manuscript Memoirs of Thomas Whaley so long missing, and which, as I have learned from enquiries since made, seem to have been for many years passing from hand to hand amongst English book-collectors, their preservation in all probability being attributable rather to their gold-tooled covers than to the more or less anonymous story which they contained.

The work was obviously compiled with a view to publication during the lifetime of the writer, who refers to his intention to publish it by subscription ;2 but the statement which has been made in many quarters, that the author had left directions to his executors to print the Memoirs, is not supported by anything to be found in his will, which may be seen at the Public Record Office in Dublin.

Dangerous to the Jew

The Almighty can do anything which admits of doing; He can compensate every evil; but a Greek poet says that there is one thing impossible to Him, to undo what is done. Without throwing the thought into a shape which borders on the profane, we may see in it the reason why the idea of national power was so dear and so dangerous to the Jew. It was his consciousness of inalienable superiority that led him to regard Roman and Greek, Syrian and Egyptian, with ineffable arrogance and scorn.

Christians, too, are accustomed to think of those who are not Christians as their inferiors; but the conviction which possesses them, that they have what others have not, is obviously not open to the temptation which nationalism presents. According to their own faith, there is no insuperable gulf between themselves and the rest of mankind; there is not a being in the whole world but is invited by their religion to occupy the same position as themselves, and, did he come, would stand on their very level, as if he had ever been there. Such accessions to their body continually occur, and they are bound under obligation of duty to promote them.

Sentiments inculcated by Christianity

They never can pronounce of any one, now external to them, that he will not some day be among them; they never can pronounce of themselves, that, though they are now within, they may not some day be found without, the divine polity. Such are the sentiments inculcated by Christianity, even in the contemplation of the very superiority which it imparts; even there it is a principle, not of repulsion between man and man, but of good fellowship; but as to secular subjects of know ledge, since here it does not arrogate any superiority at all, it has in fact no tendency whatever to centre its disciple’s contemplation on himself, or to alienate him from his kind.

He readily acknowledges and defers to the superiority in art or science, of those, if so be, who are unhappily enemies to Christianity. He admits the principle of progress on all matters of knowledge and conduct on which the Creator has not decided the truth already by revealing it; and he is at all times ready to learn, in those merely secular matters, from those who can teach him best. Thus it is that Christianity, even negatively, and without contemplating its positive influences, is the religion of civilization.

Any supernatural power

If an empire does not at all feel the pressure of this natural law, but lasts continuously, repairs its losses, renews its vigour, and with every successive age emulates its antecedent fame, such a power must be more than human, and has no place in our present inquiry. We are concerned, not with any supernatural power, but with the Ottoman empire, famous in history, vigorous in constitution, but after all human, and nothing more. There is then neither risk, nor merit, in prophesying the eventual fall of the Osmanlis, as of the Seljukians, as of the Gaznevides before them; the only wonder is that they actually have lasted as much as four hundred years.

Destitute of data for speculating

Such will be the issue and the sum of their whole history; but, certain as this is, and confidently as it may be pronounced, nothing else can be prudently asserted about their future. Times and moments are in the decrees of the All-wise, and known to Him alone; and so are the occurrences to which they give birth. The only further point open to conjecture, as being not quite destitute of data for speculating upon it, is the particular course of events and quality of circumstances, which will precede the downfall of the Turkish power; for, granting that that downfall is to come, it is reasonable to think it will take place in that particular way, for which in their present state we see an existing preparation, if such can be discerned, or in a way which at least is not inconsistent with the peculiarities of that present state.

Hence in speculating on this question, I shall take this as a reasonable assumption first of all, that the catastrophe of a state is according to its antecedents, and its destiny according to its nature; and therefore, that we cannot venture on any anticipation of the instruments or the conditions of its death, until we know something about the principle and the character of its life.

Holy Church forgotten

Never has Holy Church forgotten, abhorrent, as she is, from the Pantheistic tendencies which in all ages have surrounded her, never has she forgotten the interests of that mighty mother in whose bosom we feed in life, into whose arms we drop in death; never has she forgotten that that mother is the special creature of God, and to be honoured, in leaf and flower, in lofty tree and pleasant stream, for His sake, as well as for our own; that while it is our primeval penalty to till the earth, the earth lovingly repays us for our toil; that Adam was a gardener even in Paradise, and that Noe inaugurated his new earth by “beginning to be a husbandman, and by planting a vineyard”.

Such is the genius of the true faith; and it might have been thought, that, though not Christians, even of very gratitude, the barbarous race, which owed a part of whatever improvement of mind or manners they had received, to the fair plains of Sogdiana, would, on occupying their rich and beautiful territories on the north, east, and south of the Mediterranean, have felt some sort of reverence for their captive, and, while enjoying its gifts, would have been merciful to the giver. But the same selfish sensuality, with which they regard the rational creation of God, possesses them in their conduct towards physical nature. They have made the earth their paramour, and are heartless towards her dis-honour and her misery.

We have lately been reminded in this place of the Doge of Venice making the Adriatic his bride, and claiming her by a ring of espousal; but the Turk does not deign to legitimatize his possession of the land he has violently seized, or to gain a title to it by any sacred tie; caring for no better right than the pirate has to the jurisdiction of the high seas. Let the Turcoman ride up and down Asia Minor or Syria for a thousand years, how is the trampling of his horse hoofs a possession of those countries, more than a Scythian raid or a Tartar gallop across it?

The imperial Osmanli sits and smokes long days in his pavilion; and thinks not of his broad domain except to despise and to plunder and impoverish its cultivators ; and is his title made better thereby than the Turcoman’s, to be the heir of Alexander and Seleucus broad beans, of the Ptolemies and Massinissa, to be the representative of Constantine and Justinian? What claim does it give him upon Europe, Asia, and Africa, upon Greece, Palestine, and Egypt, that he has frustrated the munificence of nature and demolished the works of man ?

Asia Minor

Asia Minor especially, the peninsula which lies between the Black Sea, the Archipelago, and the Mediterranean, was by nature one of the most beautiful, and had been made by art one of the most fertile of countries. It had for generations contained flourishing marts of commerce, and it had been studded with magnificent cities; the ruins of which now stand as a sepulchre of the past. No country perhaps has seen such a succession of prosperous states, and had such a host of historical reminiscences, under such distinct eras and such various distributions of territory. It is memorable in the beginning of history for its barbarian kings and nobles, whose names stand as common-places and proverbs of wealth and luxury.

The magnificence of Pelops imparts lustre even to the brilliant dreams of the mythologist. The name of Croesus, King of Lydia, whom I have already had occasion to mention, goes as a proverb for his enormous riches. Midas, King of Phrygia, so abounded in the precious metals, that he was said by the poets to have the power of turning whatever he touched into gold. The tomb of Mausolus, King of Caria, was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. It was the same with the Greek colonies which wTere scattered along its coasts; they are renowned for opulence, for philosophy, and for the liberal and the fine arts.

THE TARTAR AND THE TURK

You may think I have been very long in coming to the Turks, and indeed I have been longer than I could have wished; but I have thought it necessary to your taking a just view of them, that you should survey them first of all in their original condition. When they first appear in history they are Huns or Tartars, and nothing else; they are indeed in no unimportant respects Tartars even now; but, had they never been made something more than Tartars, they never would have had much to do with the history of the world. In that case, they would have had only the fortunes of Attila and Zingis; they might have swept over the face of the earth, and scourged the human race, powerful to destroy, helpless to construct, and in consequence ephemeral; but this would have been all.

But this has not been all, as regards the Turks; for in spite of their intimate resemblance or relationship to the Tartar tribes, in spite of tbeir essential barbarism to this day, still they, or at least great portions of the race, have been put under education; they have been submitted to a slow course of change, with a long history and a profitable discipline and fortunes of a peculiar kind; and thus they have gained those qualities of mind, which alone enable a nation to wield and to consolidate imperial power.

I have said that, when first they distinctly appear on the scene of history, they are indistinguishable from Tartars. Mount Altai, the high metropolis of Tartary, is surrounded by a hilly district, rich, not only in the useful, but in the precious metals. Gold is said to abound there; but it is still more fertile in veins of iron, which indeed is said to be the most plentiful in the world. There have been iron works there from time immemorial, and at the time that the Huns descended on the Roman Empire (in the fifth century of the Christian era), we find the Turks but a family of slaves, employed as workers of the ore and as blacksmiths by the dominant tribe, Suddenly in the course of fifty years, soon after the fall of the Hunnish power in Europe, with the sudden developement peculiar to Tartars, we find them spread from East to West, and lords of a territory so extensive, that they were connected by relations of peace or war at once with the Chinese, the Persians, and the Romans.

The North nothing to lose

These regions, however, on the contrary, have neither the inducement nor the means to retaliate upon their ferocious invaders. The relative position of the combatants must always be the same, while the combat lasts. The South has nothing to win, the North nothing to lose; the North nothing to offer, the South nothing to covet. Nor is this all: the North, as in an impregnable fortress, defies the attack of the South. Immense trackless solitudes; no cities, no tillage, no roads; deserts, forests, marshes; bleak table lands, snowy mountains; unlocated, flitting, receding populations; no capitals, or marts, or strong places, or fruitful vales, to hold as hostages for submission; fearful winters and many months of them; nature herself fights and conquers for the barbarian.

Cyrus to Napoleon

What madness shall tempt the South to undergo extreme risks without the prospect or the chance of a return? True it is, ambition, whose very life is a fever, has now and then ventured on the reckless expedition; but from the first page of history to the last, from Cyrus to Napoleon, what has the Northern war done for the greatest warriors but destroy the flower of their armies and the prestige of their name ? Our maps, in placing the North at the top, and the South at the bottom of the sheet, impress us, on what may seem a sophistical analogy, with the imagination that Huns or Moguls, Kalmucks or Cossacks, have been a superincumbent mass, descending by a sort of gravitation upon the fair territories which lie below them.

Yet this is substantially true; though the attraction towards the South is of a moral, not of a material nature, yet an attraction there is, and a huge conglomeration of destructive elements hangs over us, and from time to time rushes down with an awful irresistible momentum. Barbarism is ever impending over the civilized world. Never, since history began, has there been so long a cessation of the law of human society, as in the period in which we live. The descent of the Turks on Europe was the last instance of it, and that was completed four hundred years ago. They are now themselves in the position of those races, whom they themselves formerly came down upon.

Becomes obedient and shows friendship

RULE XI.

A weak enemy, who becomes obedient and shows friendship, does so with no other design but to become a more powerful adversary: as they have said, “liven the sincerity of friends is not to be 1‘clied on, what then is to be expected from the flattery of enemies? ” He who despises a weak enemy, resembles him who neglects a spark of fire. Extinguish it to-day, whilst you are able, for when it issues into a flame it destroys a world. Permit not your enemy to string his bow, whilst you are able to.pierce him with an arrow.

Speak in such manner between two enemies, that, should they afterwards become friends, you may not be put to the blush. Hostility between two people is like fire; and the evil-fated backbiter supplies fuel: afterwards, when they are reconciled ‘together, the backbiter is hated and despised by both parties. To kindle a flame between two persons, is to burn yourself inconsiderately in the midst. Whisper to your friends, in order that your blood-thirsty enemy may not overhear you. Take care what you say before a wall, as you cannot tell who may be behind it.

RULE XIII.

Whosoever formeth an intimacy with the enemies of his friends, does so to injure the latter. 0 wise man! wash your hands of that friend who associates with your enemies.

RULE XIV.

When, in transacting business, you are under any hesitation, make choice of that side which will produce the least injury. Speak not harshly to a man of placid manners; and with him who knocks at the door of peace, seek not hostility.

RULE XV.

As long as an affair can be compassed by money, it is not advisable to put one’s life in danger. When the hand has failed in every trick, it is lawful to draw the sword.

RULE XVI.

Show’ not mercy to a weak enemy; for if lie becomes powerful, he will not spare you. When you see an enemy weak, twrist not your whiskers in boasting: there is marrow in every bone, and every coat covers a man. Whosoever killeth a wicked man, relievctk the wrorld from his injuries, and1 de- livereth himself from the wrath of God. Forgiveness is commendable, but apply not ointment to the wound of an oppressor. Knoweth he not, that whosoever spareth the life of a serpent committeth injury towards the sons of Adam.

Cazy of Hamadan

The King being curious to behold her beauty, that he might be able to judge of the form which had occasioned so much calamity, ordered her to be brought. They searched among the Arabian families, and having found her, brought her before the King in the court-yard of the palace. The King contemplated her appearance, and behold a person of dark complexion and weak form, insomuch that he thought her so contemptible that the meanest servant of his Harem surpassed her in beauty and elegance. Mujnoon having penetration enough to discover what was passing in the King’s mind, said, “0 King, the beauty of Leila must be seen with the eyes of Mujnoon. Thou hast no compassion on my disorder. My companion should be affected with the same malady, that I might sit all day repeating my tale to him; for two pieces of wood burn together with a brighter flame.

The discourse concerning the verdant plain, which has reached my ears; had the leaves on that plain heard it, they would have joined their complaints with mine. 0 my friends, say to them who are free from love,so we wish that you knew what passes in the heart of a lover.’ The pain of a wound affects not those who are in health. I will not disclose my grief, but to those who have tasted the same affliction. It were fruitless to talk of a hornet to them who never felt the sting. Whilst thy mind is not affected like mine, the relation of my sorrow seems only an idle tale. Compare not my anguish to the careB of another man; he only holds the salt in his hand, but it is I who bear the wound in my body.”

They tell a story of a Cazy of Hamadan, that he was enamoured with a farrier’s beautiful daughter to such a degree, that his heart was inflamed by his passion, like a horse-shoe red-hot in a forge. For a long time he suffered great inquietude, and was running about after her in the manner which has been described, ‘ That stately cypress coming into my sight has captivated my heart and deprived me of my strength, so that I lie prostrate at her feet. Those mischievous eyes drew my heart into the snare. If you wish to preserve your heart, shut your eyes. I cannot by any means get her out of my thought: I am the snake with a bruised head; I cannot turn myself.’ I have heard that she met the Cazy in the street, and something having reached her ears concerning him, she was displeased beyond measure, and abused and reproached him without mercy, flung a stone, and did every thing to disgrace him.